Overview
Russia, as the successor to the Soviet Union's space programme, has a deep spaceflight heritage but a relatively small modern satellite fleet compared to the US and China. Launch activity has been relatively flat at ~17 per year, and the fleet consists primarily of government and military assets. Russia does not operate large commercial satellite constellations.
Key Programmes
GLONASS: Russia's global navigation satellite system, with ~24 operational satellites at ~19,100 km altitude. GLONASS provides an independent positioning alternative used alongside GPS in most modern receivers.
Military: Approximately 110 military satellites covering missile early warning (EKS/Tundra), signals intelligence (Lotos-S), optical reconnaissance (Persona, Bars-M), and secure communications.
ISS Partnership: Russia operates the Russian Orbital Segment of the ISS, including the Zarya and Zvezda modules, and provides crew transportation via Soyuz spacecraft and cargo delivery via Progress.
Legacy
Russia is also responsible for a significant fraction of orbital debris, both from decades of Soviet-era launches and from the 2021 Kosmos 1408 ASAT test. Many Soviet-era rocket bodies remain in orbit as uncontrolled debris.