TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D)

TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D) is a spent rocket body associated with United States, launched on 1985-06-17 from Cape Canaveral, Florida on the OV-103 PAM deploy/FF launch. With over 41 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 415 km and 35,411 km with an inclination of 25.7°. It travels at approximately 14,585 km/h (4.05 km/s), completing one full orbit every 10 hours 28 minutes — that’s roughly 2.29 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.7206 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D) are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D) orbits at an average altitude of 17,913 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D)’s average altitude, there are currently 1 active payload and 17 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 25.7°, TELSTAR 3D R/B(PAM-D) passes over latitudes between 25.7°N and 25.7°S, covering the tropical and temperate zones where most of the world’s population resides. Low-to-mid inclination orbits are efficient to reach from equatorial and mid-latitude launch sites. United States operates approximately 12,413 active satellites in total.