PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D)

PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D) is a spent rocket body associated with United States, launched on 1983-06-18 from Cape Canaveral, Florida on the OV-099 PAM deploy/FF launch. With over 43 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 322 km and 30,366 km with an inclination of 25.7°. It travels at approximately 15,424 km/h (4.28 km/s), completing one full orbit every 8 hours 51 minutes — that’s roughly 2.71 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.6918 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D) are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D) orbits at an average altitude of 15,344 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D)’s average altitude, there are currently 0 active payloads and 9 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 25.7°, PALAPA B1 R/B(PAM-D) passes over latitudes between 25.7°N and 25.7°S, covering the tropical and temperate zones where most of the world’s population resides. Low-to-mid inclination orbits are efficient to reach from equatorial and mid-latitude launch sites. United States operates approximately 12,413 active satellites in total.