ARIANE 44P R/B

ARIANE 44P R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 1991-04-04 from Guiana Space Centre, Kourou on the Anik E2 launch. With over 35 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 430 km and 34,977 km with an inclination of 3.6°. It travels at approximately 14,648 km/h (4.07 km/s), completing one full orbit every 10 hours 20 minutes — that’s roughly 2.32 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.7175 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 44P R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 44P R/B orbits at an average altitude of 17,704 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 44P R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 0 active payloads and 9 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 3.6°, ARIANE 44P R/B passes over latitudes between 3.6°N and 3.6°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 115 active satellites in total.