ARIANE 42P+3 R/B

ARIANE 42P+3 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 1996-04-20 from Guiana Space Centre, Kourou on the MSAT-1 launch. With over 30 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 304 km and 25,638 km with an inclination of 7.0°. It travels at approximately 16,343 km/h (4.54 km/s), completing one full orbit every 7 hours 26 minutes — that’s roughly 3.23 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.6549 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 42P+3 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 42P+3 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 12,971 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 42P+3 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 0 active payloads and 2 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 7.0°, ARIANE 42P+3 R/B passes over latitudes between 7.0°N and 7.0°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 115 active satellites in total.