ARIANE 5 R/B

ARIANE 5 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 2001-03-08 from Guiana Space Centre, Kourou on the Eurobird launch. With over 25 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 878 km and 35,630 km with an inclination of 1.6°. It travels at approximately 14,484 km/h (4.02 km/s), completing one full orbit every 10 hours 41 minutes — that’s roughly 2.25 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.7056 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 5 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 5 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 18,254 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 5 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 1 active payload and 36 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 1.6°, ARIANE 5 R/B passes over latitudes between 1.6°N and 1.6°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 115 active satellites in total.