H-2A R/B

H-2A R/B is a spent rocket body associated with Japan, launched on 2021-10-26 from TNSTA on the QZSS 1R launch. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 211 km and 28,251 km with an inclination of 31.6°. It travels at approximately 15,835 km/h (4.40 km/s), completing one full orbit every 8 hours 11 minutes — that’s roughly 2.93 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.6805 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like H-2A R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

H-2A R/B orbits at an average altitude of 14,231 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of H-2A R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 0 active payloads and 3 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 31.6°, H-2A R/B passes over latitudes between 31.6°N and 31.6°S, covering the tropical and temperate zones where most of the world’s population resides. Low-to-mid inclination orbits are efficient to reach from equatorial and mid-latitude launch sites. Japan operates approximately 190 active satellites in total.