SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR)

SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR) is a spent rocket body associated with Russia (CIS), launched on 1990-05-19 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on the Uragan No. 46L launch. With over 36 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 546 km and 17,595 km with an inclination of 64.9°. It travels at approximately 18,291 km/h (5.08 km/s), completing one full orbit every 5 hours 19 minutes — that’s roughly 4.52 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.5521 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR) are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR) orbits at an average altitude of 9,071 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR)’s average altitude, there are currently 1 active payload and 10 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 64.9°, SL-12 R/B(AUX MOTOR) passes over latitudes between 64.9°N and 64.9°S, covering most populated land masses in both hemispheres. This mid-inclination band balances global coverage with efficient launch energy requirements. Russia (CIS) operates approximately 1,287 active satellites in total.