SL-19 R/B

SL-19 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with Russia (CIS), launched on 1994-12-26 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on the Radio-ROSTO launch. With over 32 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 1,872 km and 2,177 km with an inclination of 64.8°. It travels at approximately 24,806 km/h (6.89 km/s), completing one full orbit every 2 hours 8 minutes — that’s roughly 11.27 orbits per day. Spent rocket bodies like SL-19 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

SL-19 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 2,025 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of SL-19 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 8 active payloads and 28 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 64.8°, SL-19 R/B passes over latitudes between 64.8°N and 64.8°S, covering most populated land masses in both hemispheres. This mid-inclination band balances global coverage with efficient launch energy requirements. Russia (CIS) operates approximately 1,286 active satellites in total, of which 2 share a similar altitude band with SL-19 R/B.