SL-16 R/B

SL-16 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with Russia (CIS), launched on 2001-12-10 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on the Meteor-3M 17F45 No. 101 launch. With over 25 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitudes between 984 km and 1,007 km with an inclination of 99.8°. It travels at approximately 26,481 km/h (7.36 km/s), completing one full orbit every 105 minutes — that’s roughly 13.71 orbits per day. Its near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit means it passes over any given point on Earth at approximately the same local solar time, ideal for consistent Earth observation lighting conditions. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is ~100–500 years. Spent rocket bodies like SL-16 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

SL-16 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 996 km in a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), a specialised subset of LEO where the orbital plane precesses to maintain a constant angle relative to the Sun. This provides consistent lighting conditions on every pass — essential for Earth observation, weather monitoring and environmental science. Within ±50 km of SL-16 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 262 active payloads and 896 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. With an inclination of 99.8°, SL-16 R/B passes over latitudes between 99.8°N and 99.8°S, providing near-global coverage including the polar regions. Polar and near-polar orbits are used for reconnaissance, weather monitoring and Earth-observation missions that need to image every part of the planet. Russia (CIS) operates approximately 1,286 active satellites in total, of which 140 share a similar altitude band with SL-16 R/B.